thesis/slides.typ

#import "@preview/polylux:0.4.0": *
#import "slides/lib.typ": *

#import "@preview/codly:1.3.0": *
#import "@preview/codly-languages:0.1.1": *
#show: codly-init.with()
#let default-codly = (
  display-name: false, 
  display-icon: false, 
  zebra-fill: none, 
  fill: luma(240),
  radius: 1em,
  inset: (y: 0.15em),
  highlighted-default-color: highlight-color,
  highlight-fill: it => it.lighten(40%), //highlight-color,
)
#codly-disable()

#set text(lang: "en")
#set list(marker: none)
#set par(leading: 0.2em)
#set list(spacing: 1em)

#show: sns-polylux-template.with(
  txt-font: "New Computer Modern",
  title-font: "TeX Gyre Heros",
  aspect-ratio    : "16-9",
  title           : [From Large Scale Analysis to Dynamic Deobfuscation],
  subtitle        : [The Woes of Android Reverse Engineering],
  event           : [], //[PhD Defense],
  short-title     : [], //[PhD Defense],
  //short-event     : [Rennes, 2025/12/9],
  title-size      : 32pt,
  section-size    : 18pt,
  size            : 22pt,
  //logo-1          : image("slides/imgs/logo_irisa.png"),
  //logo-2          : image("slides/imgs/logo_pirat.png"),
  //
  colormap        : sns-polylux-template_sns-pirat,
  authors         : (
    {
      set text(weight: "bold")
      [MINEAU Jean-Marie]
      v(1em)
    },
    [LALANDE Jean-François, PhD supervisor],
    [VIET TRIEM TONG Valérie, PhD co-supervisor]
  ),
  date            : datetime(year: 2025, month: 12, day: 9),
)


/*
* Intro:
* Dear jury, gentle people of the audience, here and online, thank you for your presence.
* I am Jean-Marie Mineau, and today I will be defending my thesis about Android Application reverse engineering and the many difficulties a reverse engineer might encounter.
* This thesis was suppervised by Jean-François Lalande and Valerie Viet Triem Tong, within the PIRAT research team at IRISA.
*/

#title-slide(
  logo: grid(columns: 2, 
    image("slides/imgs/logo_pirat.png"),
    image(width: 500pt, "slides/imgs/logo_cs.png"),
    image("slides/imgs/logo_irisa.png"),
    image("slides/imgs/platypus.png"),
  )
)

#slide(
  new-sec: true, 
  title: [Introduction], 
  hide-title: true,
  /*foreground: {
    ghost-5(x: 10%, y: 30pt)
    ghost-4(x: 95%, y: 80%)
    //ghost-4(x: 45%, y: 43%)
  }*/
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #grid(
    columns: (1fr, 1fr),
    image("slides/imgs/google.png", width: 200pt),
    image("slides/imgs/phone.png", height: 350pt)
  )
  #v(2em)
]

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )

#slide(
  foreground: ghost-4(x: 60%, y: 25%, rot: 45deg)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #grid(
    columns: (3fr, 2fr), stack(dir: ltr,
      item-by-item[
        - Personal Data and PII
        - Computing Power
        - Phone
        - Mic, Camera, \ Geolocalisation
      ],
      [ $ => $ ],
      item-by-item()[
        - Ransomware/Spyware
        - Cryptojacker
        - Expander (phone billing)
        - Stalkerware
      ]
    ), 
    {
      move(dx: 20pt, image("slides/imgs/phone.png", height: 350pt))
    }
  )
]

#slide(
  title: [Analysing Applications: Which Tools?],
  foreground: eye-3(x: 3%, y: 5%)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #move(dx: -50pt, image("slides/imgs/apk-analysis.svg", width: 300pt))
]

// something is broken, so hack to keep the page number at the same
#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )

#slide(
  title: [Analysing Applications: Which Tools?],
)[
  #set list(spacing: 3em)
  #item-by-item[
    - #cite(<Li2017>, form: "prose"): systematic literature review for Android static analysis, lists open-sourced tools
    - #cite(<reaves_droid_2016>, form: "prose"): tests analysis tools, raises concerns about reusability and analysis of 
      real-world applications
  ]
]

// something is broken, so hack to keep the page number at the same
#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Analysing Applications: Which Tools?],
)[
  #highlight-block(pb1-text)
]

#slide(
  title: [Obfuscation],
  //foreground: eye-1(x: 95%, y: 85%, mirror: true)
)[
  #set list(marker: [-])

  Applications might use *obfuscation* to either:

  - protect their IP
  - hide malicious behaviour 
  
  #v(1em)#uncover(2)[

  We will focus on two techniques:

  - *Dynamic Code Loading*
  - *Reflection*
  ]
]

#for i in range(4) {
  if i != 0 {
    counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
  }
  show: yes-codly

  slide(
    title: [Obfuscation],
    subtitle: if i == 0 [Example] else if i == 1 [Dynamic Code Loading] else if i in (2, 3) [Reflection] else { none },
    foreground: eye-1(x: 95%, y: 85%, mirror: true)
  )[
    #if i == 0 {
      codly(..default-codly)
    } else if i == 1 {
      codly(
        highlighted-lines: (1, 5, 6, 7, 8),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 2 {
      codly(
        highlighted-lines: (2, 3),
        highlights: (
          (line: 10, start: 42, end: 59, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 13, start: 3, end: 21, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        ),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 3 {
      codly(
        highlighted-lines: (10,),
        highlights: (
          (line: 12, start: 14, end: 34, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 15, start: 2, end: 19, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        ),
        ..default-codly
      )
    }
    #scale(70%, reflow: true)[
    ```java
    String DEX = "ZGV4CjA [...] EAAABEAwAA";
    String className = "W5f3 [...] 3sls=";
    String methodName = "n6WGYJzjDrUvR9cYljlNlw==";
  
    ClassLoader cl = new InMemoryDexClassLoader(
      ByteBuffer.wrap(Base64.decode(DEX, 2)), 
      Main.class.getClassLoader()
    );
  
    Class<?> loadedClass = this.cl.loadClass(decrypt(className));
    Object obj = "FooBar";
    Object ret = loadedClass.getMethod(
      decrypt(methodName), 
      String.class
    ).invoke(null, obj);
    ```]
  ]
}

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Obfuscation],
  subtitle: [Deobfuscated],
)[
  #show: yes-codly
  #codly(
    skips: ((3, 10), (5, 10), (6, 10)),
    ..default-codly
  )
  #scale(100%)[
  ```java
  public class Foo {
    public static String bar(String arg) {
    }
  }
      String ret = Foo.bar("FooBar");

  ```]
]

#slide(
  title: [Class Loading],
)[
  #set align(center)
  #show: yes-codly
  #grid(
    columns: (2fr, 1em, 1fr),
    scale(70%, reflow: true)[
      #codly(
        highlights: (
          (line: 1, start: 0, end: 11, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 1, start: 22, end: 43, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 3, start: 14, end: 27, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 6, start: 32, end: 40, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        ),
        ..default-codly
      )
      ```java
      ClassLoader cl = new InMemoryDexClassLoader(
        ByteBuffer.wrap(Base64.decode(DEX, 2)),
        Main.class.getClassLoader()
      );
  
      Class<?> loadedClass = this.cl.loadClass(decrypt(className));
      ```
    ], [], uncover(2, scale(70%, reflow: true)[
      #codly(
        ..default-codly
      )
      ```java
      class A {
        public static void foo() {
          B b = new B();
          b.bar();
        }
      }
      ```

      Where is the class loader?
    ])
  )
]

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Class Loading],
)[
  #item-by-item[
    - Used to select classes implementation
    - More complexe than it looks
    - Doubious documentation
    - Not studied in the context of Android Static Analysis
  ]
]

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Class Loading],
)[
  #highlight-block(pb2-text)
]

#slide(
  foreground: ghost-5(x: 10%, y: 7%)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #grid(
    columns: (1fr, 1fr),
    gutter:  2em,
    [
      == Dynamic Analysis
      #item-by-item[
        - Run the application
        - _See_ dynamically loaded bytecode
        - _See_ reflection calls
        - Limited by code coverage
      ]
    ],
    [
      == Static Analysis
      #item-by-item(start: 5)[
        - Do *not* run the application
        - *Not* limited by code coverage
        - Some values cannot be computed
      ]

    ],
    grid.cell(colspan: 2, uncover(7)[
      #text(size: 30pt)[Can we combine both?]
    ]),
  )
]

#slide[
  #highlight-block(pb3-text)
]

#slide[
  #highlight-block(pb1-text)
  #highlight-block(pb2-text)
  #highlight-block(pb3-text)
]

#new-section-slide([Tool Reusability])

#slide(
  title: [Methodology]
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(100%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-methodo-collection>))

  #v(1em)

  #text(size: 25pt)[22 tools selected, 2 we could not package]

  /*
  #stack(dir: ltr,
    scale(40%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:rasta-tools>)),
    scale(55%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:rasta-sources>)),
  )*/
]

#slide(
  title: [Methodology],
  foreground: place(
    bottom + left,
    dx: 88%,
    dy: -63%,
  )[
    #set align(center+horizon)
    #set text(size: 15pt)
    62 525 APKs #v(-1.5em) from #v(-1.5em) 2010 to 2023
  ]
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(90%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-overview>))

  #text(size: 25pt)[We check if the results *exist* after running a tool]
]

#slide(
  title: [Results],
  foreground: ghost-2(x: 97%, y: 10%)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(100%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-exit>))

  //#text(size: 25pt)[We check if the results *exist* after running a tool]
]

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Results],
  foreground: {
    ghost-2(x: 97%, y: 10%)

    let x_0 = 112pt
    let y_0 = -117pt
    let w = 21pt
    let h = 235pt
    let dx = 33.3

    for i in range(20) {
      let color = if i in (2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 14, 16, 18, 19) {
        white.transparentize(100%)
      } else { 
        white.transparentize(10%) 
      }
      place(
        bottom + left,
        dx: x_0 + i*dx*1pt,
        dy: y_0,
        rect(
          width: w, 
          height: h,
          //stroke: red,
          fill: color,
        )
      )
    }

    place(bottom + left, line(
      start: (x_0 - 20pt, y_0 - h/2),
      end: (x_0 + dx * 20 * 1pt, y_0 - h/2),
      stroke: pirat-color.red + 3pt
    ))
  }
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(100%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-exit>))
]

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Results],
  foreground: {
    ghost-2(x: 97%, y: 10%)

    let x_0 = 112pt
    let y_0 = -117pt
    let w = 21pt
    let h = 235pt
    let dx = 33.3

    for i in range(20) {
      let color = if i in (3, 10) {
        white.transparentize(100%)
      } else { 
        white.transparentize(10%) 
      }
      place(
        bottom + left,
        dx: x_0 + i*dx*1pt,
        dy: y_0,
        rect(
          width: w, 
          height: h,
          //stroke: red,
          fill: color,
        )
      )
    }

    place(bottom + left, line(
      start: (x_0 - 20pt, y_0 - h/2),
      end: (x_0 + dx * 20 * 1pt, y_0 - h/2),
      stroke: pirat-color.red + 3pt
    ))
  }
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(100%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-exit>))
]

#slide(
  title: [Results over Time],
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(150%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-exit-evolution-java>))
]

#slide(
  title: [Bytecode Size],
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(120%, get_figure(<fig:rasta-rate-evolution-java-2022>))

  #text(size: 22pt)[Finishing rate as a function of the bytecode size, for APKs discovered in 2022]
]

#slide(
  title: [Conclusion]
)[
  #set align(center)
  #item-by-item[
    - Over 22 tools, 10 are usable (*less than half*)
    - Newer applications are harder to analyse
    - Applications with more bytecode are harder to analyse
    - Applications targetting more recent versions of Android are harder to analyse
  ]
]

#slide[
  #set align(center)
  #text(size: 22pt)[21st International Conference on Software and Systems Reuse (ICSR 2024)]

  #v(2em)

  #show regex("\[\d+\]"): none
  #cite(<rasta>, form: "full")
]

#new-section-slide([Class Shadowing])

#slide(
  title: [Class Loading],
)[
  #set align(center)
  #show: yes-codly
  #grid(
    columns: (2fr, 1em, 1fr),
    scale(70%, reflow: true)[
      #codly(
        highlights: (/*
          (line: 1, start: 0, end: 11, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 1, start: 22, end: 43, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 3, start: 14, end: 27, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 6, start: 32, end: 40, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        */),
        ..default-codly
      )
      ```java
      ClassLoader cl = new InMemoryDexClassLoader(
        ByteBuffer.wrap(Base64.decode(DEX, 2)),
        Main.class.getClassLoader()
      );
  
      Class<?> loadedClass = this.cl.loadClass(decrypt(className));
      ```
    ], [], scale(70%, reflow: true)[
      #codly(
        ..default-codly
      )
      ```java
      class A {
        public static void foo() {
          B b = new B();
          b.bar();
        }
      }
      ```
    ]
  )
]

#slide(
  title: [Android Ecosystem]
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #grid(
    columns: (3fr, 1fr),
    scale(reflow: true, get_figure(<fig:cl-archisdk>)),
    [
      #set align(left)
      #set text(size: 20pt)
      #set list(marker: [-])

      === Types of classes:

      - APK Classes
      - Platform Classes
        - SDK Classes
        - Hidden APIs
    ]
  )
  // TODO: hightlight
]

#slide(
  title: [Android ClassLoaders]
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(60%, reflow: true, get_figure(<fig:cl-class_loading_classes>))
]

#slide(
  title: [MultiDex]
)[
  #set align(center + horizon)
  #let apk-block = block.with(
    //fill: green.lighten(50%),
    stroke: black,
    inset: 10pt,
    radius: 12pt,
  )

  #only(1)[
    #apk-block[
      #set align(left+top)

      === `app.apk`
      #line(length: 30%)
      ```
      AndroidManifest.xml
      resources.arsc
      META-INF/
      res/
      classes.dex
      ```
    ]
  ]
  #only(2)[
    #apk-block[
      #set align(left+top)
      === `app.apk`
      #line(length: 50%)
      #stack(dir: ltr,
        ```
        AndroidManifest.xml
        resources.arsc
        META-INF/
        res/
        classes.dex
        ```,
        h(2em),[
        ```
        classes2.dex
        classes3.dex
        ```
        ]
      )
    ]
  ]
  #only(3)[
    #apk-block[
      #set align(left+top)
      === `app.apk`
      #line(length: 75%)
      #stack(dir:ltr, 
        ```
        AndroidManifest.xml
        resources.arsc
        META-INF/
        res/
        classes.dex
        classes2.dex
        classes3.dex
        ```, h(2em), 
        ```
        classes4.dex
        classes5.dex
        classes6.dex
        classes7.dex
        classes8.dex
        classes9.dex
        classes10.dex
        ```, h(2em), 
        ```
        classes11.dex
        classes12.dex
        classes13.dex
        classes14.dex
        classes15.dex
        classes16.dex
        ...
        ```
      )
    ]
    #ghost-4(x: 2%, y: 2%, mirror: true)
  ]

  #only(4)[
    #grid(
      columns: (1fr, 1fr),
      apk-block[
        #set align(left+top)
  
        === `app.apk`
        #line(length: 30%)
        ```
        AndroidManifest.xml
        resources.arsc
        META-INF/
        res/
        classes.dex
        classes2.dex
        classes3.dex
        ```
      ],
      yes-codly[
        #scale(100%, reflow: true,
        ```python
        def get_dex_name(index: int):
          if index == 0:
            return "classes.dex"
          else:
            return f"classes{index+1}.dex"
        ```)
      ]
    )
  ]

  #only(5)[
    #grid(
      columns: (1fr, 1fr),
      apk-block[
        #set align(left+top)
  
        === `app.apk`
        #line(length: 30%)
        ```
        AndroidManifest.xml
        resources.arsc
        META-INF/
        res/
        classes.dex
        classes2.dex
        classes3.dex
        ```
      ],
      yes-codly[
        #set list(spacing: 0.5em)
        #scale(100%, reflow: true,
        ```python
        def get_dex_name(index: int):
          if index == 0:
            return "classes.dex"
          else:
            return f"classes{index+1}.dex"
        ```)
        - `classes0.dex` ?
        - `classes1.dex` ?
        - `classes02.dex` ?
        - `classes10.dex` ?
      ]
    )
    #ghost-4(x: 2%, y: 2%, mirror: true)
  ]
]

#for i in range(4) {
  if i != 0 { counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 ) }
  slide(
    title: [Shadow Attacks]
  )[

    #if i in (0, 4) {
      codly(
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 1 {
      codly(
        highlighted-lines: (7, 8),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 2 {
      codly(
        highlighted-lines: (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15),
        ..default-codly
      )
    }
    #let partial-hide(
      i,
      hidden: (),
      partial: (),
      body
    ) = {
      if i in hidden {
        hide(body)
      } else if i in partial {
        set text(fill: luma(200))
        body
      } else {
        body
      }
    }
    #set align(center+horizon)

    #grid(
      columns: (1fr, 1fr),
      column-gutter: 2em,
      yes-codly[
        #scale(60%, reflow: true,
        ```python
        def get_dex_name(index: int):
          if index == 0:
            return "classes.dex"
          else:
            return f"classes{index+1}.dex"
        def load_class(class_name: str):
          if is_platform_class(class_name):
            return boot_cl.load(class_name)
          else:
            index = 0
            dex_file = get_dex_name(index)
            while exists_in_apk(dex_file) and \
              class_name not in classes_of(dex_file):
              index += 1
              dex_file = get_dex_name(index)
            if file_exists_in_apk(dex_file):
              return load_from_file(dex_file, class_name)
            else:
              raise ClassNotFoundError()
        ```)
      ], [
        #set align(left)
        #set text(size: 18pt)
        #partial-hide(i, hidden: (0,), partial: (2,))[
          === SDK shadowing
          Trick the tool into using an APK class instead of an SDK class
        ]
        #partial-hide(i, hidden: (0,), partial: (2,))[
          === Hidden API shadowing
          Trick the tool into using an APK class instead of an hidden API class
        ]
        #partial-hide(i, hidden: (0,1))[
          === Self Shadowing
          Trick the tool into using an APK class instead of another APK class
        ]
      ]
    )
  ]
}

#slide(
  title: [Impact on Tools],
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #show link.where(dest: <acr-sdk>): it => it.body
  #show figure: it => { 
    set align(left)
    show table: set align(center+horizon)
    it
  }
  #scale(100%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:cl-results>))
]

#slide(
  title: [Example: Androguard],
  foreground: eye-4(x: 97%, y: 85%, mirror: true)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show image: scale.with(250%)
  #set figure(gap: 4em)
  #v(3em)
  #grid(
    columns: (1fr, 1fr),
    get_figure(<fig:cl-andro_non_obf_cg>),
    get_figure(<fig:cl-andro_obf_cg>)
  )
]

#for i in range(3) {
  if i != 0 { counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 ) }
  slide(
    title: [In the Wild],
    foreground: eye-2(x: 8%, y: 67%, height: 70pt)
  )[
    #set align(center+horizon)
    #show figure.caption: none
    #show link.where(dest: <acr-sdk>): it => it.body
    #set table(
      fill: (x, y) => {
        if (
          i == 1 and (x, y) in ((1, 13), (2, 13), (4, 13), (8, 13))
        ) or (
          i == 2 and (x, y) in ((1, 14), (2, 14))
        ) {
          highlight-color
        } else {
          none
        }
      }
    )
    #scale(90%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:cl-shadow>))
  ]
}

#slide(
  title: [Conclusion]
)[
  #item-by-item[
    - We modeled the class loading algorithm
    - Static Analysis Tools did not
    - We introduced obfuscation techniques based on this model
    - Ambiguous cases exists in the wild
    - We did not find deliberate shadow attacks
  ]
]

#slide[
  #set align(center)
  #text(size: 22pt)[Digital Threats: Research and Practice]

  #v(2em)

  #show regex("\[\d+\]"): none
  #cite(<classloaderinthemiddle>, form: "full")
]


#new-section-slide([The Application of Theseus])

#slide(
  title: [Overview],
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(100%, reflow: true, get_figure(<fig:th-process>))
]

#slide(
  title: [Dynamic Analysis],
)[
  - Frida: intercepts method calls

  #v(2em)

  #uncover("2-")[
  - Android Emulator: runs on computer/server
  - Grodd Runner: clicks buttons
  ]

  #v(2em)
  #uncover(3)[
  - Phone with adb enable: actuall hardware
  - Human: intelligent button clicker
  ]
]

#slide(
  title: [Dynamic Code Loading],
  foreground: ghost-6(x: 80%, y: 15%, mirror: true)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #show image: box.with(width: 58%)
  #get_figure(<fig:th-inserting-dex>)
]

#for i in range(4) {
  if i != 0 { counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 ) }

  slide(
    title: [Reflection],
    //foreground: ghost-6(x: 80%, y: 15%, mirror: true)
  )[
    #show: yes-codly
    #set align(center+horizon)

    #if i == 1 {
      codly(
        highlighted-lines: (6,),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 3 {
      codly(
        offset: 5,
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else {
      codly(..default-codly)
    }
 
    #if i in (0, 1) {
      ```java
      ClassLoader cl = MainActivity.class.getClassLoader();
      Class clz = cl.loadClass("Reflectee");
      Object obj = clz.newInstance();
      Method mth = clz.getMethod("myMethod", String.class);
      Object[] args = {(Object)"an argument"};
      String retData = (String) mth.invoke(obj, args);
      ```
    } else if i == 2{
      ```java
      ClassLoader cl = MainActivity.class.getClassLoader();
      Class clz = cl.loadClass(getFromInternet());
      Object obj = clz.newInstance();
      Method mth = clz.getMethod(getFromInternet(), String.class);
      Object[] args = {(Object)getFromInternet()};
      String retData = (String) mth.invoke(obj, args);
      ```
    } else {
      ```java
      String retData = (String) mth.invoke(obj, args);
      ```
    }
  ]
}

#for i in range(5) {
  if i != 0 { counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 ) }

  slide(
    title: [Reflection Transformation]
  )[
    #show: yes-codly
    #set align(center+horizon)
    #if i == 1 {
      codly(
        offset: 5,
        highlighted-lines: (10,),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 2 {
      codly(
        offset: 5,
        highlights: (
          (line: 6, start: 0, end: 13, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 8, start: 3, end: 8, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 10, start: 3, end: 8, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 12, start: 18, end: 32, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        ),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 3 {
      codly(
        offset: 5,
        highlights: (
          (line: 8, start: 12, end: 19, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        ),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else if i == 4 {
      codly(
        offset: 5,
        highlights: (
          (line: 7, start: 5, end: 43, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 8, start: 21, end: 31, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 8, start: 38, end: 45, fill: pirat-color.blue),
          (line: 8, start: 47, end: 54, fill: pirat-color.blue),
        ),
        ..default-codly
      )
    } else {
      codly(
        offset: 5,
        ..default-codly
      )
    }
    ```java
    Object objRet;
    if (T.check_is_reflectee_mymethod_XXXX(mth)) {
      objRet = (Object)((Reflectee) obj).myMethod((String)args[0]);
    } else {
      objRet = mth.invoke(obj, args);
    }
    String retData = (String) objRet;
    ```
  ]
}

#slide(
  title: [Dynamic Analysis],
  foreground: ghost-1(x: 97%, y: 10%, height: 70pt)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #set table(
    fill: (x, y) => {
      if (
        x == 4 and y > 2
      ) {
        highlight-color
      } else {
        none
      }
    }
  )
  #scale(100%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:th-dyn-visited>))
]

#slide(
  title: [Collected Bytecode],
  foreground: eye-1(x: 5%, y: 70%, height: 70pt)
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show link.where(dest: <acr-apk>): it => it.body
  #show link.where(dest: <acr-dex>): it => it.body
  #show figure.caption: none
  #set table(
    fill: (x, y) => {
      if (
        x == 4 and y > 2
      ) {
        highlight-color
      } else {
        none
      }
    }
  )
  #scale(90%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:th-bytecode-hashes>))
]

#for i in range(3) {
  if i != 0 { counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 ) }

  slide(
    title: [Added Calls],
  )[
    #set align(center+horizon)
    #show link.where(dest: <acr-apk>): it => it.body
    #show link.where(dest: <acr-dex>): it => it.body
    #show figure.caption: none
    #set table(
      fill: (x, y) => {
        if (
          i == 1 and (x == 3 and y > 1)
        ) or (
          i == 2 and (x == 4 and y > 1)
        ){
          highlight-color
        } else {
          none
        }
      }
    )
    #scale(90%, reflow: true, get_figure(<tab:th-compare-cg>))
  ]
}


#slide(
  title: [Added Calls],
  foreground: ghost-3(x: 93%, y: 10%)
)[
  #import "@preview/diagraph:0.3.5": render
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #scale(47%, box(render(
    read("5_theseus/figs/patched_main_main.dot"),
    //width: 100%,
    labels: (name) => { move(dy: -7pt, scale(140%, text(size: 10pt, weight: "bold",  name))) }
  )))
]

#slide(
  title: [Impact on Finishing Rate],
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  #show figure.caption: none
  #scale(90%, reflow: true, get_figure(<fig:th-status-npatched-vs-patched>))
]

#slide(
  title: [Conclusion],
)[
  #item-by-item[
    - We can statically analyse APKs with reflection and dynamic code loading with our method
    - Our dynamic analysis is questionable
    - The dynamically loaded bytecode we intercepted is mainly telemetry and advertisement related
    - We released a tool to instrument APKs
  ]
]

#new-section-slide([Conclusion])

#slide[
  We showed that:

  #item-by-item[
  - After five years, more than half the static analysis tools are no longer usable.
    The size of the application seems to be the most significant factor.
  - Android behaviour is complex and well known.
    In the specific case of class loading, we showed that state-of-the-art tools do not match Android, leading to invalid analyses.
  - APKs can be augmented with instrumentation to improve further analyses with any other tools.
  - Also, dynamic analysis is still very much not trivial.
  ]
]

#slide(
  title: [Futur Work],
  foreground: {
    ghost-3(x: 80%, y: 70%)
    ghost-6(x: 20%, y: 30%)
    ghost-7(x: 70%, y: 20%)
  }
)[
  #set align(center+horizon)
  A lot of engineering, preferably spearheaded by Google.
]

#counter("logical-slide").update( n => n - 1 )
#slide(
  title: [Futur Work]
)[
  #item-by-item[
  - Benchmark to evaluate finishing rate
  - Make tools reusing sources from Android Open Source Project
  - Require developpers to provide high coverage tests inputs with the APKs
  ]
]


#empty-slide[
  Questions
]


/*
#slide()[
  #get_figure(<fig:th-cg-before-after>))
]

#slide()[
  #pl.toolbox.slide-number
  #context({
    pl.toolbox.all-sections((sections, current) => {
      for i in sections {
        repr(i.at("body").at("text"))
      }
    })
  })
]
*/




#pagebreak()
#set page(height: auto, margin: 25mm)
#bibliography("bibliography.bib")